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관련링크Pragmatism and the Illegal
Pragmatism is both a descriptive and normative theory. As a descriptive theory, it affirms that the conventional model of jurisprudence doesn't correspond to reality and that pragmatism in law offers a better alternative. Legal pragmatism, specifically it rejects the idea that correct decisions can simply be deduced by some core principle. It argues for a pragmatic approach that is based on context. What is Pragmatism? Pragmatism is a philosophical concept that developed during the latter part of the nineteenth and early 20th centuries. It was the first fully North American philosophical movement (though it is worth noting that there were followers of the existentialism movement that was developing at the time who were also referred to as "pragmatists"). As with other major movements in the history of philosophy the pragmaticists were motivated partly by dissatisfaction with the current state of affairs in the present and the past. It is difficult to provide an exact definition of pragmatism. Pragmatism is usually focused on results and outcomes. This is frequently contrasted with other philosophical traditions which have a more theoretic approach to truth and knowing. Charles Sanders Peirce is credited as the spokesman for pragmatism as it applies to philosophy. Peirce believed that only things that could be independently tested and proven through practical tests was believed to be true. Peirce also emphasized that the only way to understand something was to look at the effects it had on other people. John Dewey, an educator and philosopher who lived from 1859 to 1952, was also a founder pragmatist. He developed a more holistic approach to pragmatism, which included connections with society, 프라그마틱 슬롯 조작 education and art and politics. He was influenced by Peirce and 프라그마틱 무료슬롯 also took inspiration from the German idealist philosophers Wilhelm von Humboldt and Friedrich Hegel. The pragmatists also had a more loosely defined approach to what is the truth. This was not meant to be a relativism however, but rather a way to gain clarity and solidly-substantiated settled beliefs. This was achieved by a combination of practical experience and sound reasoning. Putnam expanded this neopragmatic approach to be more widely described as internal realism. This was a possible alternative to correspondence theories of truth that dispensed with the intention of achieving an external God's eye perspective, while maintaining truth's objectivity, albeit inside the framework of a theory or description. It was a similar approach to the ideas of Peirce James and Dewey however with a more sophisticated formulation. What is the Pragmatism Theory of Decision-Making? A legal pragmatist views law as a method to resolve problems and not as a set of rules. Therefore, he does not believe in the traditional notion of deductive certainty, and instead emphasizes the importance of context in making decisions. Moreover, legal pragmatists argue that the idea of foundational principles is not a good idea since generally the principles that are based on them will be devalued by practical experience. A pragmatist view is superior to a classical view of legal decision-making. The pragmatist perspective is extremely broad and has led to a variety of theories in ethics, philosophy as well as sociology, science and political theory. Charles Sanders Peirce is credited with being the most pragmatist. His pragmatic maxim that aims to clarify the meaning of hypotheses through their practical implications, is its core. However the scope of the doctrine has grown significantly over the years, encompassing many different perspectives. These include the view that a philosophical theory is true only if it can be used to benefit consequences, the view that knowledge is primarily a process of transacting with rather than a representation of nature, and the notion that articulate language rests on a deep bed of shared practices that can't be fully expressed. While the pragmatics have contributed to a variety of areas of philosophy, they're not without critics. The the pragmatists' refusal to accept a priori propositional knowledge has given rise to an influential and powerful critique of traditional analytical philosophy that has expanded beyond philosophy to a variety of social sciences, including the study of jurisprudence as well as political science. It is still difficult to classify the pragmatist view to law as a description theory. Most judges make their decisions based on a logical-empirical framework that relies heavily on precedents and other traditional legal materials. A legal pragmatist, however might argue that this model doesn't reflect the real-time dynamics of judicial decisions. Consequently, it seems more appropriate to view a pragmatist view of law as a normative theory that provides an outline of how law should be interpreted and developed. What is the Pragmatism Theory of Conflict Resolution? Pragmatism is a philosophical tradition that sees knowledge of the world as inseparable from agency within it. It has drawn a wide and sometimes contradictory variety of interpretations. It is often viewed as a reaction to analytic philosophy, whereas at other times, it is considered an alternative to continental thinking. It is a thriving and developing tradition. The pragmatists wanted to emphasize the importance of personal experience and consciousness in forming beliefs. They also wanted to rectify what they perceived as the flaws of a flawed philosophical tradition that had distorted the work of earlier philosophers. These mistakes included Cartesianism and Nominalism, as well as an inadequacy of the role of human reasoning. All pragmatists distrust non-tested and untested images of reason. They are suspicious of any argument which claims that "it works" or "we have always done things this way" are true. For the legal pragmatist these statements can be seen as being excessively legalistic, naively rationalist and insensitive to the past practices. Contrary to the classical view of law as an unwritten set of rules The pragmaticist emphasizes the importance of context when making legal decisions. It will also acknowledge that there are a variety of ways of describing law and that this variety must be embraced. This perspective, also known as perspectivalism, may make the legal pragmatist appear less respectful to precedent and previously accepted analogies. The legal pragmatist's view recognizes that judges do not have access to a core set of fundamentals from which they can make well-reasoned decisions in all cases. The pragmatist will therefore be keen to emphasize the importance of knowing the facts before making a final decision and will be willing to change a legal rule when it isn't working. While there is no one accepted definition of what a pragmatist in the legal field should look like There are some characteristics that define this stance of philosophy. This is a focus on context, and a rejection to any attempt to derive laws from abstract principles that are not testable in specific instances. The pragmaticist also recognizes that the law is constantly evolving and there isn't only one correct view. What is Pragmatism's Theory of Justice? As a theory of judicial procedure, legal pragmatism has been lauded as a method of bringing about social changes. It has also been criticized for relegating legitimate philosophical and moral disagreements to the realm of legal decision-making. The pragmatic is not interested in relegating philosophical debates to the realm of law. Instead, he adopts an open and pragmatic approach, and recognizes that different perspectives are inevitable. The majority of legal pragmatists don't believe in a foundationalist picture of legal decision-making and rely upon traditional legal documents to establish the basis for judging present cases. They believe that the cases aren't enough to provide a solid base for analyzing legal decisions. Therefore, they need to add additional sources, such as analogies or the principles derived from precedent. The legal pragmatist also rejects the idea that correct decisions can be determined from some overarching set of fundamental principles and argues that such a picture makes judges too easy to rest their decisions on predetermined "rules." Instead she favors a method that recognizes the inexorable influence of context. In light of the skepticism and anti-realism that characterize neo-pragmatism, 프라그마틱 슬롯 체험 무료체험 (Freeok.Cn) many legal pragmatists have taken a more deflationist approach to the concept of truth. By focusing on the way a concept is utilized in its context, describing its function and establishing criteria for recognizing the concept's purpose, they have been able to suggest that this may be the only thing philosophers can expect from a theory of truth. Some pragmatists have adopted an expansive view of truth, which they refer to as an objective norm for inquiries and assertions. This perspective combines aspects of pragmatism and those of the classic idealist and realist philosophy, and is in line with the larger pragmatic tradition that sees truth as a standard for assertion and inquiry, 프라그마틱 슬롯무료 rather than an arbitrary standard for justification or justified assertion (or any of its variants). This more holistic conception of truth is referred to as an "instrumental" theory of truth because it seeks to define truth purely by the goals and values that guide an individual's interaction with the world. |